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British Legion (American Revolution)
The British Legion was the name given to a British provincial regiment established during the American Revolutionary War and composed of Loyalist American infantry and cavalry. "Legion" was an 18th-century term for a military unit the size of a regiment but consisting of infantry and cavalry, or infantry, cavalry, and artillery, all under one command, to make it more flexible for scouting or irregular operations than a regiment that consisted of infantry or cavalry alone. It was colloquially known as Tarleton's Raiders, after the man who led most of its day-to-day activity, Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton.
==Formation==
This unit was raised in New York in July 1778, by Sir Henry Clinton,〔"Oatmeal for the Foxhounds" website, http://www.banastretarleton.org〕 in order to merge several small Loyalist units into a single force, a "legion" that combined infantry and cavalry forces and a battery of "flying" (light and fast moving) artillery.〔 The infantry consisted of the Caledonian Volunteers (a partially mounted and partially foot unit, raised in Philadelphia in late 1777 and early 1778), Ritzema's Royal American Reformers, the West Jersey Volunteers, and some members of the Roman Catholic Volunteers.〔"The King's Men: Loyalist Military Units in the American Revolution", http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/4171/kingsmen_03.htm&date=2009-10-25+05:57:57〕 The cavalry combined, in whole or in part, elements of Captain Kinloch's independent troop of New York Dragoons, the Philadelphia Light Dragoons, Emmerich's Chasseurs, the Prince of Wales' American Volunteers, and the 16th Light Dragoons.〔 The regiment was commanded by Lord William Cathcart as colonel; Banastre Tarleton was commissioned as lieutenant colonel.〔 Once the unit left New York, Tarleton took full operational command. The Legion's peak operational strength was approximately 250 cavalry and 200 infantry.〔Babits, page 46, “British Legion Infantry strength at Cowpens was between 200 and 271 enlisted men”. However, this statement is referenced to a note on pages 175–176, which says, “The British Legion infantry at Cowpens is usually considered to have had about 200–250 men, but returns for the 25 December 1780 muster show only 175. Totals obtained by Cornwallis, dated 15 January, show that the whole legion had 451 men, but approximately 250 were dragoons”. There would therefore appear to be no evidence for putting the total strength of the five British Legion Light Infantry companies at more than 200.〕
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